-
Joyce Gram posted an update 6 months, 3 weeks ago
Researchers debate whether domain-general cognitive control supports bilingual language control through brain regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method to alter brain activity, which can lead to causal attribution of task performance to regional brain activity. The current study examined whether the DLPFC enables domain-general control for between-language switching and nonlinguistic switching and whether the control enabled by DLPFC differs between bilinguals and monolinguals. tDCS was applied to the DLPFC of bilingual and monolingual young adults before they performed linguistic and nonlinguistic switching measures. For bilinguals, left DLPFC stimulation selectively worsened nonlinguistic switching, but not within-language switching. Left DLPFC stimulation also resulted in higher overall accuracy on bilingual picture-naming. These findings suggest that language control and cognitive control are distinct processes in relation to the left DLPFC. The left DLPFC may aid bilingual language control, but stimulating it does not benefit nonlinguistic control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective This study examined whether personal characteristics of consumers with serious mental illness (SMI), including being an immigrant, explained the lack of concordance in quality-of-life (QOL) ratings reported by consumers versus those reported by staff caring for consumers. Method In a sample of consumers with SMI (n = 4,956), including nonimmigrants and immigrants from Ethiopia and countries comprising the former Soviet Union (FSU), we examined consumer-reported and staff-reported QOL ratings. check details Regression models measured the contributions of covariates to QOL ratings made by both groups. Results Staff-reported QOL ratings were consistently lower than consumer-reported QOL ratings. Consumer-reported QOL ratings made by FSU immigrants were lower than consumer-reported QOL ratings made by Ethiopian immigrants or by nonimmigrants (p less then .01). Conversely, staff-reported QOL ratings on Ethiopian immigrants were lower than staff-reported QOL ratings on FSU immigrants or nonimmigrants (p less then .05). While consumer-reported QOL ratings were associated with the covariates of gender (p less then .01), disability level (p less then .001), and health status (p less then .001), staff-reported QOL ratings were associated with the covariates of single marital status (p less then .05), education (p less then .001), and disability level (p less then .001). Conclusions and Implications for Practice Among consumers with SMI, FSU immigrants reported the lowest QOL ratings, yet staff rated the QOL of Ethiopian immigrants as the lowest. Bias is a potential explanation for this discrepancy. An educational program focusing on cultural awareness, sensitivity, and competency might help staff better understand consumers’ needs, thereby contributing to better service and potentially improving staff’s ability to make assessments of consumers’ functioning and QOL. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Most mental health practitioners receive minimal trauma training in their degree curriculum and rely on supplemental training to build additional skills. Since 2016, the Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma (CCCT) has been used for brief in-service training of more than 2,000 mental health practitioners. Prior evaluation showed statistically significant learning outcomes posttraining, yet little was known about retention of learning or impact on clinical practice. Method We collected 100 mixed-method follow-up surveys from participants completing CCCT training between October 2016 and August 2019. Results Statistically significant increases were seen between pretraining and follow-up self-report (6-24 months later) for four child trauma skills (effect sizes 0.90-1.07). Qualitative data identified four key impacts on clinical practice increased empathy, understanding of trauma complexity, systematic approach to case conceptualization, and catalyzing further trauma learning. Conclusions Positive learning outcomes 6-24 months posttraining suggest that the CCCT is an effective tool for in-service training and that retained learning can translate into improved trauma-informed clinical practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).When we see or hear a word, we can rapidly bring its meaning to mind. The process that underlies this ability is quite complex. Over the past 2 decades, considerable progress has been made toward understanding this process. In this article, I offer four broad principles of semantic processing derived from lexical-semantic research. The first principle is that the relationship between form and meaning is not so arbitrary, and I explore that by describing efforts to understand the relationship between form and meaning, highlighting advances from my own lab on the topics of sound symbolism and iconicity. The second principle is that more is better, and I summarise previous research on semantic richness effects and how those effects reveal the nature of semantic representation. The third principle is the many and various properties of abstract concepts. I point to abstract meaning as a challenge for some theories of semantic representation. In response to that challenge, I outline what has been learned about how those meanings are acquired and represented. The fourth principle is that experience matters, and I summarise research on the dynamic and experience-driven nature of semantic processing, detailing ways in which processing is modified by both immediate and long-term context. Finally, I describe some next steps for lexical-semantic research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Guided by multiple theories illustrating the transactional nature of the relation between parents’ and children’s behaviors, the present meta-analysis provides synthesized evidence on the strength of child-driven effects in eliciting changes in parents’ psychological stress and parenting practices. A meta-analysis of 45 independent samples with 640 effect sizes found significant positive associations between children’s externalizing behaviors and parents’ subsequent functioning (r = .087, 95% CI ). These associations were net of parents’ functioning at baseline, and the strength of these associations was statistically comparable with the effects of parents on children’s externalizing behaviors (r = .075, 95% CI ). In addition, the strength of the child-driven effects did not vary as a function of child gender, age, or the time interval between assessments. The implications of these findings with respect to research on the dynamic relation between parenting functioning and children’s adjustment are discussed.
Please follow & like us :)
All content contained on CatsWannaBeCats.Com, unless otherwise acknowledged,is the property of CatsWannaBeCats.Com and subject to copyright.