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Huynh Klit posted an update 6 months, 3 weeks ago
0006). Body weight gain (BWG) at the starter phase (3-4 months) was higher than the pre-starter (1-2 months) and grower (5-6 months) phases (P less then 0.0001). The highest concentration of blood glucose was observed at 2 months of age while the lowest magnitude was found at 4 months of age (P less then 0.0001). The plasma cholesterol concentration increased at 4 months and decreased at 6 months as compared with 2 months (P less then 0.0001). The concentration of HDL and LDL at 4 months of age was higher than two other ages (P less then 0.0001). The blood concentration of triglyceride (P less then 0.0001), VLDL (P less then 0.0001), and ALT (P = 0.0005) decreased as ostriches grew up. It could be concluded that increasing the levels of soluble and insoluble fibers in the diet up to 4% more than previous recommendation may not have negative effects on growth performances and blood indices in ostrich.The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from ‘mouth to mitochondria’ culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion. After digestion, the secondary stage is the transport of monosaccharides from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The passage of these monosaccharides is facilitated by the presence of various transport proteins. The intestinal mucosa has carbohydrate sensors that stimulate the release of two ‘incretin’ hormones (GIP and GLP-1) whose actions range from the secretion of insulin to appetite regulation. Most of the ingested carbohydrate is taken up by the liver resulting in a transient inhibition of hepatic glucose release in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the subsequent increased hepatic glucose (and lactate) output can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates by 40-50%. The recognition and successful distribution of carbohydrate to the brain and skeletal muscles to maintain carbohydrate oxidation as well as prevent hypoglycaemia underpins the mechanisms to improve exercise performance.COVID-19 is a new infectious disease causing severe respiratory failure and death for which optimal treatment is currently unclear. Many therapies have been proven to be ineffective; however, promising findings related to corticosteroid therapy have been published. Analysis of published data including in this issue suggests that therapy with corticosteroids in the range of 6 mg of dexamethasone (or equivalent) per day likely has a positive effect in patients requiring mechanical ventilation but there remains considerable doubt in patients over the age of 70, in patients with diabetes and patients with milder disease. Clinicians must consider the individual potential risks and benefits of corticosteroid in patients with COVID-19 rather than routinely using them until more data is available.Belantamab mafodotin (BLENREP™; belantamab mafodotin-blmf) is a first-in-class monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that has been developed for the treatment of multiple myeloma by GlaxoSmithKline. The ADC comprises an antibody targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) conjugated to the microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF). The antibody moiety binds to BCMA on the tumour cell surface, delivering the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitor MMAF to the therapeutic target. Based on preliminary results from the multinational DREAMM-2 trial, belantamab mafodotin was approved in early August 2020 in the USA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in adult patients who have received at least four prior therapies, including an anti CD38 monoclonal antibody, a proteasome inhibitor, and an immunomodulatory agent. The ADC was also approved in the EU for this indication in late August 2020. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of belantamab mafodotin leading to this first approval.Intravenous daratumumab (DARZALEX®), a human monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, is approved in the EU and USA for use in combination with bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) who are eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation. A subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab has also been approved in the EU and USA (DARZALEX FASPRO™) for use in MM. check details In the pivotal phase III CASSIOPEIA trial in adults with newly diagnosed, transplant-eligible MM, the addition of intravenous daratumumab to bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone significantly increased the proportion of patients with a stringent complete response and significantly prolonged progression-free survival; overall survival data are not yet mature. Some facets of health-related quality of life were improved by the addition of daratumumab. The addition of daratumumab had a minimal effect on overall toxicity and the most common grade ≥ 3 adverse events with daratumumab combination therapy were haematological (e.g. neutropenia, lymphopenia). The approval of daratumumab as combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed, transplant-eligible MM expands the range of MM treatment settings in which daratumumab is an option and the availability of the subcutaneous formulation will likely be of benefit to patients.Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major health burden, yet the pathophysiology remains poorly understood with no effective treatment. Since much of SVD develops silently and insidiously, non-invasive neuroimaging such as MRI is fundamental to detecting and understanding SVD in humans. Several relevant SVD rodent models are established for which MRI can monitor in vivo changes over time prior to histological examination. Here, we critically review the MRI methods pertaining to salient rodent models and evaluate synergies with human SVD MRI methods. We found few relevant publications, but argue there is considerable scope for greater use of MRI in rodent models, and opportunities for harmonisation of the rodent-human methods to increase the translational potential of models to understand SVD in humans. We summarise current MR techniques used in SVD research, provide recommendations and examples and highlight practicalities for use of MRI SVD imaging protocols in pre-selected, relevant rodent models.
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