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David Walther posted an update 6 months, 2 weeks ago
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).How do people decide whether to try out novel options as opposed to tried-and-tested ones? We argue that they infer a novel option’s reward from contextual information learned from functional relations and take uncertainty into account when making a decision. We propose a Bayesian optimization model to describe their learning and decision making. This model relies on similarity-based learning of functional relationships between features and rewards, and a choice rule that balances exploration and exploitation by combining predicted rewards and the uncertainty of these predictions. Our model makes 2 main predictions. First, decision makers who learn functional relationships will generalize based on the learned reward function, choosing novel options only if their predicted reward is high. Second, they will take uncertainty about the function into account, and prefer novel options that can reduce this uncertainty. We test these predictions in 3 preregistered experiments in which we examine participants’ preferences for novel options using a feature-based multiarmed bandit task in which rewards are a noisy function of observable features. Our results reveal strong evidence for functional exploration and moderate evidence for uncertainty-guided exploration. However, whether or not participants chose a novel option also depended on their attention, as well as reflecting on the value of the options. These results advance our understanding of people’s reactions in the face of novelty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Is metacognition a general resource shared across domains? Previous research has documented consistent biases in judgments across tasks. In contrast, there is debate regarding the domain generality or the domain specificity of the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect answers (metacognitive sensitivity) because most previous work has documented nonsignificant correlations across domains. However, such null findings may be due to low statistical power and differences in task structure or performance, thereby masking a latent domain generality in metacognition. We examined across-domain correlations in confidence level and sensitivity in a large sample (N = 181). Participants performed 4 2-alternative forced-choice tasks (episodic memory, semantic memory, executive function, and visual perception) with trial-by-trial confidence judgments. We found significant correlations in average confidence level across tasks. By applying a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate cross-task covariance, we found five out 6 cross-task correlations in metacognitive efficiency (meta-d’/d’) were significant, even for pairs of tasks in which first-order performance was not correlated. This suggests that at least some components of metacognitive efficiency in retrospective confidence are domain general. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The testing of measurement invariance (MI) across different cultural backgrounds for short screeners of mental health has been mostly neglected. Therefore, we examined MI in the most common mental health screeners worldwide used to assess the psychological indicators of health among migrants and refugees the Short-Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12) for health-related quality of life and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) for mental distress. Three different types of representative samples in the German Socio-Economic Panel were analyzed host population n = 19,685; migrants n = 4,966; and refugees n = 4,123. All samples were tested for each mental health screener in 1 model using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Scalar MI was tested (a) between men and women, (b) between groups stratified by migration status, (c) between survey languages, (d) between country of origin, (e) between sex and country of origin, and finally (f) between age groups. Mizagliflozin Overall, we were able to demonstrate scalar MI for all 5 models, except for SF-12 regarding age groups. Thus, scores ascertained with the PHQ-4 and SF-12 can be compared between conventional migrants, refugees, and the host population in Germany in a statistically meaningful way. Substantively, female refugees turned out to be the most vulnerable group in terms of mental health and health-related quality of life. The current study is the first to evaluate MI of mental health screeners using a large-scale representative sample including refugees, migrants, and the host population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The study of psychopathic traits in youth is in its nascent stages and the nature and the structure of these traits is still poorly understood. In one of the most comprehensive analyses to date of the construct validity of the widely used Antisocial Processing Screening Device (APSD), we used two independent samples of youth, one community (N = 2203) and one clinic-referred (N = 534), ages 4 to 19 (51% female), to investigate the external correlates of the Callous-unemotionality (CU), Narcissism, and Impulsivity dimensions of youth psychopathy. We used parent reports of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, personality, and aggressive behavior to examine the pattern of associations between psychopathic trait dimensions and relevant external correlates. Across both samples, CU was positively related to all forms of externalizing psychopathology and aggression, mostly unrelated to internalizing psychopathology, and negatively related to agreeableness and conscientiousness. Narcissism and Impulsivity were positively related to externalizing psychopathology, and aggression, negatively related to agreeableness and conscientiousness, and weakly positively related to internalizing psychopathology. In most cases, each dimension of the APSD manifested statistically significantly different relations with these external correlates. Many of our findings replicate and extend work conducted with both youth and adults, although others suggest that these dimensions do not distinguish among psychopathological domains in conceptually expected ways. Broadly speaking, these findings provide evidence that psychopathic traits in youth are best characterized by a multidimensional model and bear implications for models integrating normative with pathological personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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