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tokines and increased the PNC formation respectively PMN migration via an elevated ERK1/2 activation during acute peritonitis. Further, we observed a link between the ERK1/2 activation and an elevated ADAM17 expression on PNC-related platelets and PMNs during inflammation. Our data thus illustrate a crucial role of CX3CR1 on the formation of PNCs and regulating inflammation in acute peritonitis.
Burn injuries are a common form of traumatic injury that leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Burn injuries are characterized by inflammatory processes and alterations in numerous organ systems and functions. Recently, it has become apparent that the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiome is a key component of regulating the immune response and recovery from burn and can also contribute to significant detrimental sequelae after injury, such as sepsis and multiple organ failure. Microbial dysbiosis has been linked to multiple disease states, however, its role in exacerbating acute traumatic injuries, such as burn, are poorly understood. In this article, we review studies that document changes in the intestinal microbiome after burn injury, assess the implications in post-burn pathogenesis, and the potential for further discovery and research.
Burn injuries are a common form of traumatic injury that leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Burn injuries are characterized by inflammatory processes and alterations in numerous organ systems and functions. Recently, it has become apparent that the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiome is a key component of regulating the immune response and recovery from burn and can also contribute to significant detrimental sequelae after injury, such as sepsis and multiple organ failure. Microbial dysbiosis has been linked to multiple disease states, however, its role in exacerbating acute traumatic injuries, such as burn, are poorly understood. In this article, we review studies that document changes in the intestinal microbiome after burn injury, assess the implications in post-burn pathogenesis, and the potential for further discovery and research.
To describe demographics and to analyze temporal trends in the inpatient management of acute mastoiditis admissions.
Cross-sectional analysis.
National Inpatient Sample, 2002-2014.
26,072 nonelective inpatient admissions with primary diagnosis of acute mastoiditis.
Myringotomy, mastoidectomy, or no procedure.
We described the patient- and hospital-level demographics of acute mastoiditis admissions and the frequency of complications. We evaluated the percentage of patients requiring surgical management. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine whether there was a significant increase in the percentage of patients treated at academic institutions.
The majority of patients were ≤40 years old (64.9%) and Elixhauser comorbidity index ≥4 (57.4%); 23.3% (SE 0.8%) presented with complications associated with acute mastoiditis, the most common of which was a subperiosteal abscess (11.5%, SE 0.7%). Among all admissions, 30.9% (SE 1.1%) underwent myringotomy, 13.8% (SE 0.8%) required both myriain facilities. This trend may have significant impacts on the cost and subsequent quality of care provided to these patients.
We hypothesized that oral montelukast treatment could inhibit cholesteatoma formation in an experimental animal model.
Inflammation and excessive proliferation have been described in the histopathology of cholesteatoma. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral montelukast on cholesteatoma development.
Eighteen healthy female Wistar albino rats weighing 250 g were chosen for the study. The animals were divided into two groups group 1 received montelukast and group 2 was the control group. Intratympanic propylene glycol injection was administered into the left ears and physiologic serum was instilled into the right ears of the animals on the first, eighth, and fifteenth days. The effects of montelukast administration were evaluated by histological examination of the tympanic membrane and middle ear.
Group 1 (montelukast group) showed significant differences in terms of cholesteatoma formation, granulation, epithelial invagination, and inflammation. Cholesteatoma formation in the left ear was observed in 2 (22%) and 8 (89%) rats in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.015).
Development of cholesteatoma and inflammation was significantly lower in the montelukast-administered group. Thus, oral montelukast was found effective in preventing cholesteatoma formation.
Development of cholesteatoma and inflammation was significantly lower in the montelukast-administered group. Thus, oral montelukast was found effective in preventing cholesteatoma formation.
To describe the clinical presentation of patients with isolated saccular endolymphathic hydrops (EH) detected.
Clinical case series.
University-based tertiary referral center.
All subjects presenting with vertigo or hearing loss who had isolated saccular EH detected.
High-resolution delayed-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conducted between November 2015 and November 2016.
Audiovestibular testing results and analysis of clinical histories.
Isolated saccular EH was detected in 18 subjects. Sixteen met criteria for definite Menière’s disease (MD, n = 12) or delayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH, n = 4). One had a history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and 3 years after MRI developed recurrent vertigo characteristic of DEH. selleck compound One patient had a history of atypical DEH (Tumarkin falls without vertigo following SSNHL). Four patients had Tumarkin falls. Most (83%) demonstrated mild-to-severe low-frequency fluctuating loss, and six (33.3%) had a history of ipsilateral sudden profound SNHL. Nine of the 17 (53%) patients tested had an ipsilateral caloric paresis ranging from 26 to 67%. Ipsilateral vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials showed reduced or absent responses in 5 of the 17 tested (29%).
The full spectrum of MD may be associated with saccular hydrops. We propose that MD and DEH often begin in the saccule, and MRI may provide clues to the pathophysiology of MD. Saccular hydrops was present in one patient with SSNHL who did not develop vertigo spells until 3 years after MRI, indicating that saccular hydrops may be the first manifestation of MD or DEH.
The full spectrum of MD may be associated with saccular hydrops. We propose that MD and DEH often begin in the saccule, and MRI may provide clues to the pathophysiology of MD. Saccular hydrops was present in one patient with SSNHL who did not develop vertigo spells until 3 years after MRI, indicating that saccular hydrops may be the first manifestation of MD or DEH.
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