• Klit Liu posted an update 2 months ago

    This study utilized metabolomic analysis to evaluate the impact of oral PTC and PTC-d (30 mg/kg) exposure on C57BL/6 mice. Liver metabolomic profiling after exposure to 30 mg/kg PTC and PTC-d demonstrated distinct changes in 13 and 28 metabolites, respectively; 6 metabolites were identified in both groups, including significant reductions in d-Fructose and Glutathione, suggesting an impact on carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. We discovered potential liver damage following exposure to 5 and 30 mg/kg PTC and PTC-d by investigating genes linked to hepatic glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers. It was definitively shown that PTC-d produced a more significant adverse impact on the liver than its precursor PTC, and higher levels of exposure to either PTC or PTC-d led to more severe consequences than lower exposure levels.

    Due to its self-pollinating nature and allotetraploid constitution, Echinochloa phyllopogon is a serious threat to global rice production. Populations from two Northeast China provinces, comprising one sensitive and three multi-drug resistant strains of E. phyllopogon, were used to investigate the mechanism behind their resistance to penoxsulam, metamifop, and quinclorac. The LN1 strain exhibited more resistance to these three herbicides than the sensitive LN12 population; LN24 displayed moderate resistance to penoxsulam and metamifop, and an increased level of resistance to quinclorac, by a factor of 274; HLJ4, meanwhile, demonstrated low resistance to penoxsulam, but high resistance to both metamifop and quinclorac. Target sequence analysis results showed no mutations present in the acetolactate synthase or acetyl-CoA carboxylase genes. The in-vitro examination of enzyme activity showed a comparable level of activity in the target enzyme of multiple herbicide-resistant populations compared to the sensitive population. Malathion, acting as a P450 inhibitor, conspicuously amplified the susceptibility of LN1, LN24, and HLJ4 to penoxsulam, noticeably augmenting LN1’s reaction to metamifop and HLJ4’s to quinclorac. Consistent across all four treatments, GST activities in both resistant and sensitive strains demonstrated an increasing trend between day one and day five; however, the multiple-resistant population showcased heightened GST sensitivity and enzymatic activity, surpassing that of the sensitive LN12 population. This study found that multiple-resistant E. phyllopogon populations have developed in the rice fields of northeast China, posing a critical risk to rice production, and tentatively suggests non-target resistance mechanisms as the likely explanation. It is anticipated that E. phyllopogon populations will be more challenging to bring under control.

    Weed management, a critical concern in worldwide agricultural production, necessitates the development of innovative and effective herbicides to mitigate significant annual economic losses. This study reported the design and synthesis of an array of novel pyrimidinedione compounds by integrating N-phenylacetamide with the existing pyrimidinedione structure. Herbicidal activity testing (using 375-150 g of active ingredient per hectare) illustrated that most of the new derivatives exhibited excellent herbicidal efficacy against dicotyledonous weeds, yet displayed less potency against grasses. Compound 34’s postemergence herbicidal activity was significantly strong against six weed species, specifically Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Veronica polita, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Setaria viridis. This performance compared favorably with the commercial control agent saflufenacil, showing 90% effectiveness. An experiment involving protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO; EC 13.34) activity revealed that compound 34 effectively decreased weed PPO levels; real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed the reduced relative expression of the PPO gene; and these findings aligned with the observed enzyme activity trends. The molecular docking study indicated that compound 34 could bind to the catalytic substrate pocket of the PPO enzyme, resulting in a superb inhibitory effect on the receptor protein. Cotton demonstrated greater tolerance to compound 34 than to the commercial saflufenacil agent, when exposed to a concentration of 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare. Consequently, compound 34 demonstrates the possibility of serving as a novel PPO herbicide for controlling weeds within cotton plantations. Subsequent research into the structural modification and mechanistic study of pyrimidinedione derivatives was anchored by the insights gained from this study.

    Uncontrolled insecticide deployment inflicts significant environmental damage and harm on organisms not intended for treatment. Subsequently, the use of bioassays across diverse levels can facilitate more judicious environmental management practices. Insects’ muscles are deactivated by flubendiamide, a phthalic acid diamide insecticide, causing paralysis and ultimately, death. We investigated the effect of Flubendiamide on the developmental stages of Spodoptera litura and its corresponding mode of action. Fourth instar larvae, matching in age (120 ± 2 hours) and size, were provided with Flubendiamide at concentrations spanning 20-80 g/mL for a period from 12 to 72 hours. Real-time PCR was instrumental in assessing the expression levels of p450, Ecdysone receptor (EcR), and various other genes, which we combined with pharmacokinetic study results, diverse biochemical assays, gross damage evaluations by dye exclusion assay, and histopathological analysis. Our findings reveal a 9907 g/mL mean Flubendiamide concentration after 48 hours. This concentration at 80 g/mL (24 hours) disrupted molting, metamorphosis, and reproduction. Oxidative stress parameters (ROS/RNS, MDA, 8OHdG) increased, while protective mechanisms (SOD, CAT, GST) decreased at 80 g/mL (48 hours), impacting p450 activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Ultimately, the widespread deployment of this pesticide can disrupt the delicate balance of the environment and lead to a variety of damaging effects on experimental subjects. Accordingly, additional investigations into improving and streamlining integrated pest management plans, encompassing flubendiamide, are necessary.

    In rice fields, the bacterial leaf blight (BLB) pathogen is identified as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. The sustainability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is jeopardized by the destructive bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Pathogen resistance and the ensuing ecotoxicological issues have brought about the ineffectiveness of antibiotic and conventional pesticide application. Hence, the imperative for developing effective and sustainable antimicrobial agents to manage plant diseases is clear. To investigate the toxicity and molecular mechanisms of action of bioengineered chitosan-iron nanocomposites (BNCs) against Xoo, transcriptomic and proteomic techniques were applied. Transcriptomic and proteomics analyses illuminated the molecular antibacterial mechanisms by which BNCs combat Xoo. smad signaling Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BNC exposure significantly impacted processes like cell membrane synthesis, antioxidant response, DNA damage repair, flagella assembly, and transcriptional factor function, thereby confirming a relationship between BNCs and the Xoo pathogen. In parallel, proteomic profiling exposed that BNC treatment significantly modulated the abundance of functional proteins in Xoo, affecting crucial aspects like cell membrane composition, catalase activity, oxidation-reduction reactions, and metabolic pathways, in accordance with transcriptomic analysis. The findings of this study demonstrate that bio-natural compounds show promising potential as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional agricultural chemicals, offering an effective approach to manage bacterial leaf blight in rice.

    Herbicides are thought to affect the metabolism, physiology, and biochemistry of fish populations. This research project analyzed the effects that metamifop has on the production and metabolic procedures within the Monopterus organism. Water is where Albus makes his home. Four groups of MET concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L) were established for a 96-hour exposure test, based on the semi-lethal concentration of metamifop over 96 hours. Ammonia discharge rates decreased, hemolymph ammonia levels exhibited a significant upward trend, and hemolymph urea nitrogen content demonstrably decreased at all time points following metamifop exposure. Liver protein levels decreased, neutral protease levels increased substantially (p<0.001), and both amino acid content and ATP levels rose significantly (p<0.001). Brain protein levels increased, yet acid, neutral, and alkaline protease activities all decreased. Amino acid levels displayed a significant drop (p<0.001), and ATP content likewise decreased. The activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) remained unchanged in the liver, while it diminished in the brain. In liver tissue, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity showed a reduction, whereas in the brain, GS activity rose. Brain glutaminase (GLS) activity increased, contrasting with the decrease in glutaminase (GLS) activity within the liver. In essence, the liver and brain tissues of M. albus exhibit varied reactions to exposure to MET. While the brain primarily produces proteins, the liver’s energy synthesis is largely dependent on hydrolyzed proteins. The protein hydrolysis-derived amino acids are not convertible to alanine for storage, and the resultant degraded amino acids raise endogenous ammonia levels. MET actively prevents the clearance of ammonia from the M. albus environment. Liver tissue is the sole organ capable of detoxifying eels, achieving this by converting ammonia to glutamine. High levels of endogenous ammonia necessitate adaptation and a high tolerance capability within the brain.

    The issue of avermectin pollution within aquatic systems is a major problem that must be addressed urgently in recent years.

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