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Davidsen Sullivan posted an update 6 months ago
OBJECTIVES Little is known about cancer survivors’ self-perception of their dietary quality compared with their measured diet quality and how those perceptions may influence their actual diet. This study aimed to fill this gap using national large datasets. METHODS National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2014 were used. SB415286 research buy The healthy eating index (HEI) based on 24-h dietary recall was used to measure diet quality. Logistic regression models were fit to examine the influence of the misperception of eating healthiness on diet quality. RESULTS The agreement between self-perceived and actual diet quality was low (Kappa = 0.06, 95% CI 0.02, 0.09) among cancer survivors. Over-rating diet quality was associated with a 5.39 lower total HEI score (P less then 0.0001), 1.00 lower HEI score for empty calorie intake (P = 0.0028), 0.15 lower score for vegetable intake (P = 0.108), and 0.29 lower score for fruit intake; under-rating one’s diet quality was associated with a 7.12 higher total HEI score (P less then 0.0001), 2.57 higher HEI score for empty calorie intake (P less then 0.0001), 0.02 higher score for vegetable intake (P = 0.904), and 0.84 higher score for fruit intake (P = 0.001). Our multinomial regression estimates suggested that each 10-year increase in age was associated with an increase in the odds of being an over-rater vs. a correct-rater (OR 11.4, 95% CI 10.01, 10.2). Hispanics were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to over-rate their diet quality (OR 1.792, 95% CI 1.062, 3.024). CONCLUSIONS Tailored nutrition interventions and guidance aimed at reducing the divergence between self-assessed and actual diet quality have the potential to improve cancer survivorship and narrow racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities.Aging induces cellular and molecular changes including modification of stem cell pools. In particular, alterations in aging neural stem cells (NSCs) are linked to age-related cognitive decline which can be modulated by lifestyle. Nutrient-sensing pathways provide a molecular basis for the link between lifestyle and cognitive decline. Adopting a back-translation strategy using stem cell biology to inform epidemiological analyses, here we show associations between cellular readouts of NSC maintenance and expression levels of nutrient-sensing genes following NSC exposure to aging human serum as well as morphological and gene expression alterations following repeated passaging. Epidemiological analyses on the identified genes showed associations between polymorphisms in SIRT1 and ABTB1 and cognitive performance as well as interactions between SIRT1 genotype and physical activity and between GRB10 genotype and adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Our study contributes to the understanding of neural stem cell molecular mechanisms underlying human cognitive aging and hints at lifestyle modifiable factors.This article presents a real-time approach for classification of burn depth based on B-mode ultrasound imaging. A grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) computed from the ultrasound images of the tissue is employed to construct the textural feature set and the classification is performed using nonlinear support vector machine and kernel Fisher discriminant analysis. A leave-one-out cross-validation is used for the independent assessment of the classifiers. The model is tested for pair-wise binary classification of four burn conditions in ex vivo porcine skin tissue (i) 200 °F for 10 s, (ii) 200 °F for 30 s, (iii) 450 °F for 10 s, and (iv) 450 °F for 30 s. The average classification accuracy for pairwise separation is 99% with just over 30 samples in each burn group and the average multiclass classification accuracy is 93%. The results highlight that the ultrasound imaging-based burn classification approach in conjunction with the GLCM texture features provide an accurate assessment of altered tissue characteristics with relatively moderate sample sizes, which is often the case with experimental and clinical datasets. The proposed method is shown to have the potential to assist with the real-time clinical assessment of burn degrees, particularly for discriminating between superficial and deep second degree burns, which is challenging in clinical practice.The ability to dynamically control mRNA translation has a great impact on many intracellular processes. Whereas it is believed that translational control in eukaryotes occurs mainly at initiation, the condition-specific changes at the elongation level and their potential regulatory role remain unclear. Using computational approaches applied to ribosome profiling data, we show that elongation rate is dynamic and can change considerably during the yeast meiosis to facilitate the selective translation of stage-specific transcripts. We observed unique elongation changes during meiosis II, including a global inhibition of translation elongation at the onset of anaphase II accompanied by a sharp shift toward increased elongation for genes required at this meiotic stage. We also show that ribosomal proteins counteract the global decreased elongation by maintaining high initiation rates. Our findings provide new insights into gene expression regulation during meiosis and demonstrate that codon usage evolved, among others, to optimize timely translation.Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex, the catalytic core of which includes the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the non-coding human telomerase RNA (hTR), which serves as a template for the addition of telomeric repeats to chromosome ends. Telomerase expression is restricted in humans to certain cell types, and telomerase levels are tightly controlled in normal conditions. Increased levels of telomerase are found in the vast majority of human cancers, and we have recently begun to understand the mechanisms by which cancer cells increase telomerase activity. Conversely, germline mutations in telomerase-relevant genes that decrease telomerase function cause a range of genetic disorders, including dyskeratosis congenita, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bone marrow failure. In this Review, we discuss the transcriptional regulation of human TERT, hTR processing, assembly of the telomerase complex, the cellular localization of telomerase and its recruitment to telomeres, and the regulation of telomerase activity.
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