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Hassing Sullivan posted an update 6 months, 2 weeks ago
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used in firefighting, resulting in soil and groundwater contamination and leading to human exposure via animal products grown in contaminated areas. This study reports the relationship between PFAS intake by hens and the PFAS concentrations in the edible parts of eggs. Laying hens were exposed via drinking water to different concentrations of four PFAS compounds (Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)) over 61 days. Egg PFAS residues were assessed for a further 30 days after exposure ceased. The target concentrations of PFAS were 0, 0.3, 3, 30 and 300 µg/L for the treatment groups T1-T5, respectively, and PFAS residues were determined from the eggs collected every second day. There was a linear correlation between the PFAS concentrations in the drinking water of hens and those detected in the egg, which could be useful in estimating PFAS concentrations in the egg by measuring water concentrations. Exposure of hens to drinking water with PFAS concentrations below the Australian Government Department of Health limits (PFOS/PFHxS, 0.07 µg/L; PFOA, 0.56 µg/L), and with no other sources of PFAS exposure, is unlikely to result in egg PFAS concentrations that would exceed the 10% limit set by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) for human consumption. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate and improve accuracy of anticipatory counseling regarding neonatal intervention for prenatally diagnosed tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) by assessing new and previously published predictors of neonatal intervention. METHODS This is a multi-center, retrospective study from three centers of 112 fetal TOF patients undergoing third trimester fetal echocardiograms from 2004 to 2017. Additional cardiac defects requiring neonatal intervention were excluded. Fetal echocardiographic, clinical, and consultation data were compared between neonatal and late intervention. Optimal echocardiographic values were determined. RESULTS 26 infants (23%) required neonatal intervention. Those infants had significantly different pulmonary valve (PV) z-scores, PVaortic valve (AoV) ratios, PVAoV z-score differences (absolute difference between z-scores), and increased likelihood of abnormal ductal flow. Counseling during fetal echocardiogram regarding interventional timing was accurate for 50% needing neonatal intervention and 86% undergoing late intervention (P = 0.002). The best neonatal intervention predictors were PVAoV ratio of less then 0.6 and counseling for neonatal intervention. PVAoV z-score difference ≥ 5 provided 89% negative predictive value for excluding patients from neonatal repair. CONCLUSIONS Third trimester fetal echocardiograms can predict interventional timing. The best predictors of neonatal intervention are PVAoV ratio less then 0.6, PVAoV z-score difference ≥ 5, and cardiologist counseling that neonatal intervention was likely. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Since zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials are used in antifouling and antibacterial solutions, understanding their toxic effects on different aquatic organisms is essential. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles of 10-30 nm (ZnO NPI) and 80-200 nm (ZnO NP II), ZnO nanorods (width of 80 nm, height of 1.7 µm) attached to the support substrate (glass, ZnO NRG) and not attached (ZnO NRS), as well as zinc ions at the concentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/L to 100 mg/L. Toxicity was evaluated using the microalga Dunaliella salina, the brine shrimp Artemia salina and a marine bacterium Bacillus cereus. selleck inhibitor The highest toxicity was observed for ZnO nanoparticles (LC50 ~ 15 mg/L) and zinc ions (LC50 ~ 13 mg/L), while the lowest toxicity found for ZnO nanorods (NRG LC50 ~ 60 mg/L; ZnO NRS LC50 ~ 42 mg/L). The presence of the support substrate in case of ZnO nanorods reduced the associated toxicity to aquatic organisms. Smaller ZnO nanoparticles resulted in the highest Zn2+ ion dissolution among tested nanostructures. Different aquatic organisms responded differently to ZnO nanomaterials, with D. salina and B. cereus being more sensitive than A. salina. Toxicity of nanostructures increased with an increase of the dose and the time of exposure. Supported ZnO nanorods can be used as a low toxicity alternative for future antimicrobial and antifouling applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.In 1968 the French physician Paul Lemoine published a study on 127 children with alcoholic parents (1). They showed facial alterations, such as small palpebral fissures, a low nasal bridge, a smooth philtrum and a small upper lip, together with several psychomotor problems. Lemoine´s team compared the sociodemographic background of their sample to healthy children and the only nosogenetic difference they found was maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Circadian clocks allow organisms to anticipate environmental changes associated with the diurnal light/dark cycle. Circadian oscillators have been described in plants and green algae, cyanobacteria, animals, and fungi, however, little is known about the circadian clocks of photosynthetic eukaryotes outside the green lineage. Stramenopiles are a diverse group of secondary endosymbionts whose plastid originated from a red alga. Photosynthetic stramenopiles, which include diatoms and brown algae, play key roles in biogeochemical cycles and are important components of marine ecosystems. Genome annotation efforts indicated the presence of a novel type of oscillator in these organisms and the first circadian clock component in a stramenopile has been recently discovered. This review summarizes the phenotypic characterization of circadian rhythms in stramenopiles and current efforts to determine the mechanisms of this ‘brown clock’. The elucidation of this brown clock will enable a deeper understanding of the role of self-sustained oscillations in the adaptation to life in marine environments.
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