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Castillo Alexandersen posted an update 6 months, 2 weeks ago
Brown adipocytes coordinate systemic energy metabolism associated with the pathogenesis of obesity and related metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. We have previously reported chemical compound-induced brown adipocytes (ciBAs) converted from human dermal fibroblasts without using transgenes. In this study, to reveal a precise molecular mechanism underlying the direct conversion and human adipocyte browning, we developed serum-free brown adipogenic medium (SFBAM) with an optimized chemical cocktail consisting of Rosiglitazone, Forskolin, and BMP7. During the direct conversion, treatment with BMP7 enhanced Ucp1 expression rather than the conversion efficiency in the absence of BMP signalling inhibitors. Moreover, treatment with a TGF-β signalling pathway inhibitor was no longer required in the serum-free medium, likely because the TGF-β pathway was already suppressed. SFBAM and the chemical cocktail efficiently converted human dermal fibroblasts into ciBAs within four weeks. The ciBAs exhibited increased mitochondrial levels, elevated oxygen consumption rate, and a response to β-adrenergic receptor agonists. Thus the ciBAs converted by the serum-free medium and the chemical cocktail provide a novel model of human brown (beige) adipocytes applicable for basic research, drug screening, and clinical applications.Fluid states of matter can locally exhibit characteristics of the onset of crystalline order. Traditionally this has been theoretically investigated using multipoint correlation functions. However new measurement techniques now allow multiparticle configurations of cold atomic systems to be observed directly. This has led to a search for new techniques to characterize the configurations that are likely to be observed. One of these techniques is the configuration density (CD), which has been used to argue for the formation of “Pauli crystals” by non-interacting electrons in e.g. a harmonic trap. We show here that such Pauli crystals do not exist, but that other other interesting spatial structures can occur in the form of an “anti-Crystal”, where the fermions preferentially avoid a lattice of positions surrounding any given fermion. Further, we show that configuration densities must be treated with great care as naive application can lead to the identification of crystalline structures which are artifacts of the method and of no physical significance. We analyze the failure of the CD and suggest methods that might be more suitable for characterizing multiparticle correlations which may signal the onset of crystalline order. In particular, we introduce neighbour counting statistics (NCS), which is the full counting statistics of the particle number in a neighborhood of a given particle. We test this on two dimensional systems with emerging triangular and square crystal structures.Campylobacter is the major bacterial agent of human gastroenteritis worldwide and represents a crucial global public health burden. Species differentiation of C. jejuni and C. selleck compound coli and phylogenetic analysis is challenged by inter-species horizontal gene transfer. Routine real-time PCR on more than 4000 C. jejuni and C. coli field strains identified isolates with ambiguous PCR results for species differentiation, in particular, from the isolation source eggs. K-mer analysis of whole genome sequencing data indicated the presence of C. coli hybrid strains with huge amounts of C. jejuni introgression. Recombination events were distributed over the whole chromosome. MLST typing was impaired, since C. jejuni sequences were also found in six of the seven housekeeping genes. cgMLST suggested that the strains were phylogenetically unrelated. Intriguingly, the strains shared a stress response set of C. jejuni variant genes, with proposed roles in oxidative, osmotic and general stress defence, chromosome maintenance and repair, membrane transport, cell wall and capsular biosynthesis and chemotaxis. The results have practical impact on routine typing and on the understanding of the functional adaption to harsh environments, enabling successful spreading and persistence of Campylobacter.We compared outcomes of four different management modalities for diabetic VH. Patients with diabetic VH were identified in this retrospective study undertaken at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Eyes were grouped based on the treatment received control (observation only), intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection(s), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and preoperative single IVB injection before PPV. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and status of VH were noted at baseline and the last follow up (Minimum 6 months, maximum 29 months). The proportion of eyes with Snellen BCVA improvement by two lines or more and VH clearance at the last follow up were compared between groups. The four groups – Control, IVB, PPV, and IVB-before-PPV had 23, 29, 17, and 20 eyes, respectively. The proportion of eyes gaining ≥2 lines was substantially higher in the IVB-before-PPV and PPV groups (90% and 77%, respectively) compared with IVB and observation groups (41% and 22%, respectively). Surgical treatment was associated with a 2.38 times higher likelihood of gaining ≥2 lines than the non-surgical one (incidence ratio 2.38, 95% CI 1.19, 4.78 P = 0.015) after adjusting for age, hyperglycemia and BCVA at presentation. Less invasive treatment such as IVB injections did not result in the same amount of improvement in vision as did PPV. Prospective randomized studies are needed to better define the role of IVB injections in the management of diabetic VH.Many factors affect the flavor of crabs. However, impact of temperature on flavor has not been reported. Here, we examined Scylla paramamosain collected within the main four producing areas in China from north sampling point (NP) and south sampling point (SP), respectively. The contents of flavouring-related substances in hepatopancreas, muscles and gonads were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, high-throughput sequencing of 16S RNA gene was used to reveal the diversity distribution of gut microbiota at each sample collection point. Comparisons among flavor substances of edible parts, the implied higher temperature in SP may be beneficial to the accumulation of flavor substances in gonads, while lower temperature in NP may be beneficial to the accumulation of flavor substances in muscles and hepatopancreas. The gut microbiota of crabs, was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results of gut microbiota showed that there were significant differences in the distribution of gut microbiota in NP and SP.
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