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Johnston Buhl posted an update 6 months, 2 weeks ago
Following a systematic search of literature on the subject using the Journal of Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (JIPS) database (https//jips.online) and PubMed (NCBI) resulted in very few relevant studies, especially in children. The effect of PbP per se has been studied in parents and their children for temper tantrums, acupuncture for postoperative symptoms, as well as for neuroprotection in very preterm-born infants. This paper will review the PbP/NbP concepts, show evidence for its presence in children’s treatment outcome and introduce clinical implications. learn more We will also offer suggestions for future research to further our understanding of the role of the proxy in promoting or distracting from treatment benefit in children. Increasing an appreciation of the PbP and NbP phenomena and the role of the proxy in children’s treatment should improve research study design and ultimately harness them to improve clinical child healthcare. Copyright © 2020 Czerniak, Oberlander, Weimer, Kossowsky and Enck.Introduction The ability to detect and interpret social interactions (SI) is one of the crucial skills enabling people to operate in the social world. Multiple lines of evidence converge to indicate the preferential processing of SI when compared to the individual actions of multiple agents, even if the actions were visually degraded to minimalistic point-light displays (PLDs). Here, we present a novel PLD dataset (Social Perception and Interaction Database; SoPID) that may be used for studying multiple levels of social information processing. Methods During a motion-capture session, two pairs of actors were asked to perform a wide range of 3-second actions, including (1) neutral, gesture-based communicative interactions (COM); (2) emotional exchanges (Happy/Angry); (3) synchronous interactive physical activity of actors (SYNC); and (4) independent actions of agents, either object-related (ORA) or non-object related (NORA). An interface that allows single/dyadic PLD stimuli to be presented from either the second person (action aimed toward the viewer) or third person (observation of actions presented toward other agents) perspective was implemented on the basis on the recorded actions. Two validation studies (each with 20 healthy individuals) were then performed to establish the recognizability of the SoPID vignettes. Results The first study showed a ceiling level accuracy for discrimination of communicative vs. individual actions (93% ± 5%) and high accuracy for interpreting specific types of actions (85 ± 4%) from the SoPID. In the second study, a robust effect of scrambling on the recognizability of SoPID stimuli was observed in an independent sample of healthy individuals. Discussion These results suggest that the SoPID may be effectively used to examine processes associated with communicative interactions and intentions processing. The database can be accessed via the Open Science Framework (https//osf.io/dcht8/). Copyright © 2020 Okruszek and Chrustowicz.Background Interpersonal deficits are a core symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD), which could be related to increased social threat sensitivity and a tendency to approach rather than avoid interpersonal threats. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to reduce threat sensitivity in patients with BPD and to modify approach-avoidance behavior in healthy volunteers. Methods In a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled between-subject design, 53 unmedicated women with BPD and 61 healthy women participated in an approach-avoidance task 75 min after intranasal substance administration (24 IU of oxytocin or placebo). The task assesses automatic approach-avoidance tendencies in reaction to facial expressions of happiness and anger. Results While healthy participants responded faster to happy than angry faces, the opposite response pattern, that is, faster reactions to angry than happy faces, was found in patients with BPD. In the oxytocin condition, the “congruency effect” (i.e., faster avoidance of facial anger and approach of facial happiness vice versa) was increased in both groups. Notably, patients with BPD exhibited a congruency effect toward angry faces in the oxytocin but not in the placebo condition. Conclusions This is the second report of deficient fast, automatic avoidance responses in terms of approach behavior toward interpersonal threat cues in patients with BPD. Intranasally administered oxytocin was found to strengthen avoidance behavior to social threat cues and, thus, to normalize fast action tendencies in BPD. Together with the previously reported oxytocinergic reduction of social threat hypersensitivity, these results suggest beneficial effects of oxytocin on interpersonal dysfunctioning in BPD. Copyright © 2020 Schneider, Boll, Volman, Roelofs, Spohn, Herpertz and Bertsch.Aim The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is currently unclear, however, lipid accumulation leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress appears to be pivotal in the process. At present, FOXO1 is known to be involved in NAFLD progression. The relationship between necroptosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has been of great research interest more recently. However, whether FOXO1 regulates ER stress and necroptosis in mice fed with a high fat diet is not clear. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the relationship between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, ER stress, and necroptosis. Main Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with an HFD for 14 weeks to induce non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. ER stress and activation of necroptosis in AML12 cells were evaluated after inhibition of FOXO1 in AML12 cells. In addition, mice were fed with AS1842856 for 14 weeks. Liver function and lipid accumulation were measured, and further, ER stress and necroptosis were evaluated by Western Blot and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Key Findings Mice fed with a high fat diet showed high levels of FOXO1, accompanying activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and necroptosis. Further, sustained PA stimulation caused ER stress and necroptosis in AML12 cells. At the same time, protein levels of FOXO1 increased significantly. Inhibition of FOXO1 with AS1842856 alleviated ER stress and necroptosis. Additionally, treatment of mice with a FOXO1 inhibitor ameliorated liver function after they were fed with a high fat diet, displaying better liver condition and lighter necroptosis. Significance Inhibition of FOXO1 attenuates ER stress and necroptosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Copyright © 2020 Ding, Tang, Tang, Zhu, Liu, Pan, Hu, Lin, Gou, Yuan, Cai, Dong, Wang and Ren.
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