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Wynn Stiles posted an update 6 months, 2 weeks ago
© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND Indigenous Australians are of increased risk of developing dementia – Alzheimer’s disease and mixed dementia diagnoses are the most common. Whilst prion diseases have been reported in Indigenous peoples of Papua New Guinea and the United States of America, the occurrence and phenotype of prion disease in Indigenous Australians is hitherto unreported. AIM Report the incidence rate and clinical phenotype of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in Indigenous Australians. METHOD Calculation of crude sporadic CJD (sCJD) incidence rates and indirect age-standardisation of all CJD to calculate the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for the Indigenous Australian population in comparison to the all-resident Australian population, along with analysis of clinical phenotype. RESULTS Illustrative case report of an Indigenous Australian from regionally remote Western Australia dying from typical “probable “sCJD two months after disease onset, with Australian National CJD Registry (ANCJDR) surveillance overall ascertaious report wherein the incidence rate of CJD in a non-Australian Indigenous populations was reported as decreased. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM This study aimed to investigate changes in skin temperature in the main body regions of ovariectomized rats under different incubation temperatures to identify regions that are similar to hot flashes experienced by menopausal women. METHODS A total of 96 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham, ovariectomized and ovariectomized with estrogen treatment groups, with treatment lasting for 4 weeks. After 3 weeks of treatment, each group was randomly divided into five subgroups and placed in separate incubators set at 4, 15, 25, and 37°C. Changes in the skin temperature in seven main regions (head, neck, chest, abdomen, back, tail, and paws) for four time intervals (0-3 min, 3-5 min, 5-10 min and 10-15 min) were monitored using infrared thermography. RESULTS All rats showed rapid changes in skin temperature followed by a gradual slowdown under different incubation temperatures. However, changes in ovariectomized rats were significantly different from that in normal rats, and changes on the back, tail and paws were more rapid and lasted longer. Estrogen treatment effectively controlled these abnormalities of ovariectomized rats. PMX-53 order CONCLUSIONS Temperature responses in the back, tail and paws in ovariectomized rats might be similar to the face, neck and upper chest in menopausal women, where the symptoms of hot flashes are most obvious, which suggests that the back, tail and paws could be regarded as the focus of research on hot flashes, and offer theoretical foundations for mechanisms behind the occurrence of hot flashes in specific regions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; •• ••-••. © 2020 Japan Geriatrics Society.The genome of Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, is an exception to the single chromosome rule found in the vast majority of bacteria and has its genome partitioned between two unequally sized chromosomes. This unusual two-chromosome arrangement in V. cholerae has sparked considerable research interest since its discovery. It was demonstrated that the two chromosomes could be fused by deliberate genome engineering or forced to fuse spontaneously by blocking the replication of Chr2, the secondary chromosome. Recently, natural isolates of V. cholerae with chromosomal fusion have been found. Here, we summarize the pertinent findings on this exception to the exception rule and discuss the potential utility of single-chromosome V. cholerae to address fundamental questions on chromosome biology in general and DNA replication in particular. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Over the past decade, a major debate has taken place on the underpinnings of cultural changes in human societies. A growing array of evidence in behavioural and evolutionary biology has revealed that social connectivity among populations and within them affects, and is affected by, culture. Yet the interplay between prehistoric hunter-gatherer social structure and cultural transmission has typically been overlooked. Interestingly, the archaeological record contains large data sets, allowing us to track cultural changes over thousands of years they thus offer a unique opportunity to shed light on long-term cultural transmission processes. In this review, we demonstrate how well-developed methods for social structure analysis can increase our understanding of the selective pressures underlying cumulative culture. We propose a multilevel analytical framework that considers finer aspects of the complex social structure in which regional groups of prehistoric hunter-gatherers were embedded. We put forward predictions of cultural transmission based on local- and global-level network metrics of small-scale societies and their potential effects on cumulative culture. By bridging the gaps between network science, palaeodemography and cultural evolution, we draw attention to the use of the archaeological record to depict patterns of social interactions and transmission variability. We argue that this new framework will contribute to improving our understanding of social interaction patterns, as well as the contexts in which cultural changes occur. Ultimately, this may provide insights into the evolution of human behaviour. © 2020 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.OBJECTIVE To study the effect of antenatal magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) on cerebral palsy (CP) in a manner that also provides adequate power for a linked trial sequential analysis. DESIGN Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. SETTING Fourteen Danish obstetric departments. POPULATION In total, 560 pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery before 32 weeks of gestation were randomised from December 2011 to January 2018. Those women gave birth to 680 children. METHODS Women were randomised to receive either a loading dose of 5 grams MgSO4 followed by 1 gram/hour or a placebo in identical volumes. The children were followed up at a corrected age of 18 months or older with a review of their medical charts and with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome measure was moderate to severe CP. Secondary outcomes included mortality, neonatal morbidity, blindness, and mild CP. RESULTS The crude rates of moderate to severe CP in the MgSO4 group and the placebo group were 2.
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