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Camp Borg posted an update 6 months ago
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a human periodontal pathogen that causes opportunistic infections. It has been implicated in preterm birth and has as a pathogen of colorectal cancer. However, it is a common member of the oral microbiota and can have a symbiotic relationship with its hosts. To date, studies of F. nucleatum have been hindered by a lack of effective genetic tools, and the transformation of F. nucleatum has not been investigated. In this chapter, protocols for the transformation of F. nucleatum strain 12230 using sonoporation are presented. We also include a genetic complementation protocol for a F. nucleatum knockout mutant.Prevotella melaninogenica is a bacterium that is resident in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract and is associated with periodontal disease and aspiration pneumonia. Prevotella mutants are difficult to produce and only few reports have been reported. We examined several methods and many strains and succeeded in producing mutants in Prevotella melaninogenica GAI 07411. In this chapter, we will describe how to create a mutation of a target gene by carrying out conjugation transfer using Escherichia coli S17-1 as a donor and introducing a plasmid into P. melaninogenica.Tannerella forsythia, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is one of the most important pathogens in periodontal disease. However, it has been difficult to construct a gene-deletion mutant in this organism, which may serve as a useful tool in microbiological research. We reported a highly efficient method to construct a gene-deletion mutant of T. forsythia in 2007, and it was accomplished by preparing competent cells from a colony grown on an agar medium instead of a broth culture. Here, we describe the same method with some improvements.There have been more than 60 different oral Treponema species identified in the oral cavity; however, only few species can be cultivated in vitro reliably. Among those cultivable species, due to its medical importance and genetic tractability, Treponema denticola, one of the keystone pathogens associated with human periodontitis, has emerged as a paradigm model organism to understanding the genetics, etiology, and pathophysiology of oral Treponema species. During the last two decades, several genetic tools have been developed, which have played an instrumental role in the study of T. denticola. This chapter describes the experimental design and procedure of genetic manipulations of T. denticola.Porphyromonas gingivalis, an etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, is an asaccharolytic anaerobic gram-negative coccobacillus. Genetic approaches greatly facilitate research on organisms at the molecular level. Although with some challenges, the use of genetic techniques (such as constructing knockout mutants) in P. gingivalis are feasible. In this chapter, we describe detailed methods for site-directed and random mutagenesis through the construction of fimbriae-related gene mutants of P. gingivalis.
There are health concerns associated with unhealthy sleep duration. A growing body of evidence indicates that there are disparities in sleep duration based upon race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Prior studies have suffered from inadequate measures of poverty and have not included Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI).
Using the 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 2014 NHPI-NHIS, the effect of race/ethnicity and poverty was examined for associations with sleep duration.
Significant differences among race/ethnicity groups and sleep duration were found in adjusted associations. Compared with Whites, NHPIs and Blacks were twice as likely to experience very short sleep; NHPI, Hispanic, and Blacks were more likely to experience short sleep; Blacks were also more likely to experience long sleep. Asians were less likely to experience unhealthy sleep (very short, short, or long sleep). Persons living in poverty were significantly more likely to experience very short sleep compared with persons not living in poverty.
This is the first population-based study that has examined the relationship between sleep duration and poverty with a large sample that included NHPI in relation to other races/ethnicities. The difference in sleep duration between NHPI and Asians provides a strong rationale for not aggregating Asian and NHPI data in population-based studies.
This is the first population-based study that has examined the relationship between sleep duration and poverty with a large sample that included NHPI in relation to other races/ethnicities. The difference in sleep duration between NHPI and Asians provides a strong rationale for not aggregating Asian and NHPI data in population-based studies.
In this retrospective, single-center observational study, we investigated whether discontinuing metformin for at least 48h prevents metformin-induced fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in all segments of the colon.
Patients with type 2 diabetes who were using metformin before undergoing an FDG PET/CT scan were included. Two groups were created patients who discontinued metformin for less than 48h (< 48h group) and patients who discontinued metformin for between 48 and 72h (≥ 48h group). A control group comprised non-diabetic patients who were not using metformin before undergoing an FDG PET/CT. We visually scored the uptake of FDG in four segments of the colon-the ascendens, transversum, descendens, and rectosigmoid-using a four-point scale (1-4) and considered scores of 3 or 4 to be clinically significant.
Colonic FDG uptake in the ≥ 48h group (n = 23) was higher than uptake in the control group (n = 96) in the colon descendens and rectosigmoid (OR 11.3; 95% CI 4.0-31.9; p value 0.001), and there was no difference in the colon ascendens and transversum. see more Colonic FDG uptake in the < 48h group (n = 25) was higher than uptake in the ≥ 48h group (n = 23) in the colon transversum (OR 4.8; 95% CI 1.3-18.5; p value 0.022) and rectosigmoid (p value 0.023), and there was no difference in the colon ascendens and descendens.
Discontinuing metformin for 48h before undergoing an FDG PET/CT still gives a high uptake in the distal parts of the colon when compared with non-diabetic patients who are not using metformin. Discontinuing metformin for 48h seems to be useful for scanning the more proximal segments of the colon.
Discontinuing metformin for 48 h before undergoing an FDG PET/CT still gives a high uptake in the distal parts of the colon when compared with non-diabetic patients who are not using metformin. Discontinuing metformin for 48 h seems to be useful for scanning the more proximal segments of the colon.
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