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Maynard Gram posted an update 6 months, 2 weeks ago
The proximity of the orofacial structures to the upper airway has led to enormous interest in their influence on the airway maintenance mechanism. The recognition of Sleep disorders and the evolution of dental sleep medicine has fueled further interest in the role of orthodontic treatment on the airway particularly in Class II malocclusions. learn more With abundant literature on class II malocclusions and growth modification, it is natural that focus would shift on the effect of functional appliances on the airway. Most studies on the subject show an improvement in the airway in response to functional appliances and these include both two dimensional and three dimensional study of the airway. This review showcases the most significant literature on this field of study against the background of the information that is needed to gauge its clinical relevance.This review article presents an evolution of the nickel-titanium wires for orthodontics, following their introduction by the pioneering studies of Andreasen. The original nonsuperelastic wires were followed by the introduction of superelastic Japanese NiTi wire by Miura and colleagues and Chinese NiTi wire by Burstone and colleagues. Subsequently, new nickel-titanium wires with true shape memory in the oral environment were introduced. Manufacturers have marketed special heat-treated wires with variable force delivery at different positions along the archwire. Ion implantation and other surface modification techniques have been used by manufacturers to reduce in vivo nickel release from the nickel-titanium wires, provide a more esthetic appearance, decrease friction, and improve corrosion resistance. The use of several research techniques to provide supporting information about the structures and transformations, mechanical properties, and clinical failure for the different types of the nickel-titanium wires are summarized. The evolution of the ADA/ISO standard for evaluation of these wires is also described. The closing section focuses on the use of surface modification and special coatings for the nickel-titanium wires, a major recent and ongoing area of active research.The relationship between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represents one of the major controversies reported in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, sound evidence from large population-based surveys point toward weak and inconsistent associations, supporting that the role of the occlusion in the etiology of TMD should not be overstated. Also, despite the type of device, traditional orthodontic treatment seems to play a neutral role with regard to the onset of TMD in particular, this therapeutic approach has been reported not to prevent or to increase the risk of TMD development. It is time to shift the concept of occlusion from a purely mechanical interpretation, based on the teeth-to-teeth relationship (peripheral input), to a broader view that includes the interpretation of the input at the level of the central nervous system. In this context, patients’ individual adaptability must be considered by clinicians to prevent iatrogenic maladaptive behaviors. Indeed, orthodontists and general dentists should be aware about the multifactorial etiology of TMD and should be instructed regarding the available tools to manage patients before, during, and after any dental or orthodontic intervention.We present two cases with postural axial tremor predominantly involving the head, trunk, and shoulders. In the first patient, the postural tremor occurred in multiple attacks a day lasting approximately 10 min. The second patient developed a progressive tremor of his head and arms, worsened during sitting and standing. Electrophysiological supported the postural axial tremor in both patients with a varying 3-10 Hz tremor frequency between different muscles and within the same muscles at different times. Postural axial tremor is a rare and complex movement disorder. The majority of cases are caused by acquired cerebellar pathology. However, isolated cases with underlying genetic disorders are described in literature. Here, we illustrate how to differentiate paroxysmal axial tremor from other axial hyperkinetic movement disorders and extend the genetic heterogeneity of this intriguing movement disorder phenotype.Integrating animals into a new group is a challenge for both free-ranging and captive adult male rhesus monkeys (Macacamulatta), and for females in groups receiving new males. To ensure the genetic viability of the population, however, maletransfers must occur in both natural and captive settings. To facilitate the introduction of groups of adult males to adult females, we designed a new enclosure that is attached to the outdoor compound where females are housed. Here we describethe construction of 3 introduction enclosures, their use during 4 introductions of groups of adult males to adult females, abrief comparison of introduction success rates associated with the new introduction enclosures with those of our traditionalmale introduction method, and a critique by the various groups of staff members working with the new enclosures. Overall, the introduction enclosures benefitted both the macaques and the facility personnel and appear to be a useful enhancementto our process of integrating breeding groups.The AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia state that, to decrease potential distress of animals, the home cage should be used forthe euthanasia of mice. The current study evaluated this recommendation by comparing behavioral and physiologic changesin ICR and SJL mice that were euthanized by using a 30% volume per minute displacement rate of 100% CO2 in either theirhome cage or an induction chamber. Blood samples were collected to assess blood glucose, serum corticosterone, and serumnoradrenaline as markers of physiologic wellbeing. Behavioral assessment was performed (with emphasis on behaviorsincluding rearing, jumping, sniffing at the gas inlet, and grooming) from the introduction of gas to the estimated time to loss of consciousness (i.e., the time period when the animal would be expected to experience pain or distress). Despite significant differences between mouse strains, no significant differences were detected in the physiologic or behavioral parameters assessed when comparing the home cage with the induction chamber.
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